IIRC the Docker infrastructure block uses docker-py to talk to the Docker REST API, usually accessible at /var/run/docker.sock.
Podman's REST API has compatibility endpoints that are (supposedly) identical to Docker's REST endpoints, so I think there's a decent chance it'll work if you're running the Podman API and create a symlink from /var/run/docker.sock to /run/podman/podman.sock.
I haven't tried it, but now I want to.